Thefts of harp strings in early Victorian London 2: William Groom, August-September 1843
Updated: Mar 3, 2019

This is the second of two accounts, drawing on the online transcripts of The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913, of thefts of small quantities of strings, as they were heard in the Central Criminal Court of England and Wales.
On 18 September 1843 William Groom, who had served a carpentry apprenticeship with William Reeve, was tried for stealing several small items from his master, John Norman, a
cabinet-maker and auctioneer living in Badge[-]row, Castle-court (off Birchin Lane, Cornhill), in the City of London. Groom had started to work for Norman after his apprenticeship. Apparently because there was more than one date of theft, the trial was conducted and reported in two stages, the first involving a panel of Spanish mahogany, and the second a miscellany: a window blind, account books, a table cover, several cabinet-making items and, perhaps unexpectedly, 62 harp strings.
Although Norman lived in a business district of the City, he had at least a cellar in Cloak Lane (to the south of Cannon Street, about 400m south-west of Castle Court), and perhaps grander premises in Judd Street, in the more recently developed St Pancras area (about 3km west-north-west), from where a window blind had been stolen. Some of Normanâs auction business was conducted at Tottenham Court Road (nearly a further 1km west of Judd Street), in the Fitzrovia district, bordering on the West End. Groom, as befitted an artisan in the furniture trades, lived much further to the east, on Cambridge Road (now Cambridge Heath Road in the Borough of Tower Hamlets).
The trial proceedings were, according to the transcript, complex and convoluted, and while it seems that some items had indeed been stolen, Groomâs right to have others, with Normanâs consent or according to custom, was asserted. The testimony of the five witnesses (Groomâs wife and her mother, in the case of the mahogany panel; and his next-door neighbour, the carpenter to whom heâd been apprenticed, and a former co-worker for the rest) often contradicted Normanâs, tending to favour the accused. Norman claimed to have found in Groomâs house âsome harp-stringsâ, with whose theft he had previously charged a servant girl, dismissing her. He stated that he should not have prosecuted had he not already dismissed âboth servant girls and every man I hadâ for dishonesty on account of Groomâs testimony. After the first part of the trial, Groom was found guilty but no sentence was recorded; and after the second part he was found guilty again and sentenced to confinement for one year. Although the first part does not directly concern the strings, it is appended here to give the context of the second part.
That it is implied that Normanâs âbox containing 120 or 140 harp-stringsâ had been taken from his house, where âthe prisoner had access to itâ, rather than from his other business premises, might be taken to indicate that they were associated with his household rather than his auction trade. There is no suggestion that Norman manufactured musical instruments or that he was connected with the music trade, and 140 would be a very small stock of strings for even a minor retailer. The indictment specifies only 62 strings, presumably the number actually recovered, suggesting either that Norman misremembered or exaggerated in court, or that Groom had already disposed of some by the time they were found. As 120 or 140 harp-strings â or even 62 â is a suitable number to have kept in a box to maintain an instrument in playing order, it is reasonable to conjecture that Norman owned a harp for a member of his household to play.
2017. WILLIAM GROOM was indicted for stealing, on the 2nd of Sept., 1 wooden panel, value 10s., the goods of John Norman.
JOHN NORMAN. I am a cabinet-maker, and live in Castle-court [Castle Court is off Birchin Lane, Cornhill, in the City of London], Badgerow. The prisoner worked at my placeâI saw a piece of mahogany framing at Mr. Griffiths's last Saturday fortnight, which was mineâafter the prisoner's wages were paid I watched him [William Groom], and saw him go into Griffithsâs shop, and remain there a very short timeâhe then brought out the mahogany panelâI let him carry it as far as Cannon-street [a distance of, depending on the route, about 300m], then stopped himâit was mineâI brought him back to my shop, gave him a reprimand, and let him goâI searched his premises on the Monday, and found a number of pieces of mahogany veneers, rosewood and other wood, and other things; in consequence of which, I charged him with stealing this panel, which I had bought three or four days before.
Cross-examined by MR. JONES. Q. What are you?
A. A cabinet-maker and auctioneerâI am not a furniture-brokerâthe prisoner was fourteen months in my service up to the 24th of June [i.e. three months earlier], he then left, till within three days of this robberyâI had no character with himâhis nephew asked me to give him work, and I knew he knew nothing about his characterâhe assisted me at sales [i.e. auctions] at timesâI never had a sale where there was this description of wood [i.e. wood of the kind recovered]âI never allowed my men to take what is called the clearance of sales [as a perquisite, a customary practice in some businesses], or refuse of property soldâI never give them anything, nor take anything myselfâI leave three or four blank lots in a catalogue for any thing that may be omittedâeverything is soldâwhen I let the prisoner go I told him I had found out the thief, though he had been accusing other menâI had discharged other men on his accountâI had not a man but what he taxed with robbing meâhe said it was true, and he was very sorry for itâhe did not say he took it for firewood, as he considered he was allowed [contrary to Normanâs normal policy, as stated above]âI had seen the panel between twelve and four oâclock that dayâit is worth about 10s.âit is Spanish mahoganyâI went to the prisonerâs house, and saw his wife [Norman had a long-standing association with the family of Groomâs wife]âI said, âI would do anything for you, Betsy, as I have done for the family for years; but for him, never let me see himââI did not say, âif the prisoner is got rid of,â nor âThe sooner you, or we, get rid of him the better,â nothing of the sortâI believe I shook hands with his wifeâthis was before he came inâI believe I never spoke to Betsy after he came, except âGood byeââI always call her BetsyâI said nothing about getting him transported, or getting rid of himâI do not think I shook hands with her more than onceâI did not say, âI will do anything for you;â [this, apart from change of tense, contradicts âI said, âI would do anything for you, Betsyââ, above] âbut let us,â or âwhen we get rid of himââhis wife was formerly in my service, and I knew her when a childâshe came to my house, I think, the day after he was given into custodyâI swear I have not seen her more than twice at my house since he was taken into custody, or elsewhere, except in this Courtâshe came to my house, and asked me not to appear against him [her husband], to speak in his favour, and have mercy on himâI told her they [the authorities] had put things out of my powerâshe was a year and a half or two years in my serviceâshe is about thirty years oldâshe is not related to meâwhen she came to my house I saw her in my shop, never up stairs [he protests the propriety of their relationship]âshe was there five or ten minutesâshe came to fetch her husbandâs toolsâI did not see her more than onceâI did not say I would assist her with money, nor tell my son to say soâI have not been to the prisonerâs house since he has been in custodyâI do not think I should have prosecuted him, if I had not found at his house the very things he charged a servant girl with stealingâthat was some harp-stringsâI discharged both servant girls and every man I had, on his accountâhe [had previously] taxed every one with dishonestyâI cannot suppose his wife knew the [stolen] things were at the house, from the respectability of her familyâthe mother was presentâI said I must get rid of him, not to have any more to do with himâI did not use the word âfirstâ [quoted by Pamela Morris, below]âI have known the family thirty years, and felt an interest for themâI believe his wife to be a virtuous woman.
HENRY MONTAGUE (policeman). I took the prisoner in charge, and produce the piece of wood which was brought from the prosecutorâs house.
[For the court] MR. JONES called
PAMELA MORRIS. I am the prisonerâs wifeâs motherâher name is SarahâI have known Mr. Norman many years, I remember his coming to Groomâs house on Monday afternoon, the day he was taken into custodyâNorman shook hands with my daughter and with me too, and said, âI will do anything for you, Mrs. Morris, or for Betsy, or any of the family; get rid of him firstâ [this final phrase contradicts Norman, above].
COURT. Q. How long have you known the prosecutor?
A. About twenty yearsâhe always professed to be friendly to usâI do not know that ever I received any friendship from himâwhen I have met him he has professed friendshipâhe was always friendly, except in this caseâmy daughter is thirty years oldâshe has one young child, and is near her confinementâI never thought the prosecutor and her were on an intimate footingâshe had no family till she was marriedâI had no suspicion of the prosecutorâI cannot tell what he meant by the word âfirstââI do not live with my daughterâNorton [sic, meaning âNormanâ] said he had turned one servant away on the prisonerâs complaint [Norman, above, implies two servants]âI was there when the things were foundâhe did not say he could not show the prisoner any favour, because he had found those things Groom had charged others with [having stolen]âI do not recollect his saying soâhe said he had discharged one man [âevery manâ, according to Norman, above] through Groomâs complaint, and found the very wood on the prisonerâs premises.
(The prisoner received a good character.)
GUILTY. Aged 31.
2618. WILLIAM GROOM was again indicted for stealing, on the 30th of Aug. [i.e. three days earlier than his taking the wooden panel], 1 window blind, value 4s.; 4 account books, 4s.; 1 glue pot, 1s.; 62 harp strings, 10s.; 1 table cover, 1s. 6d.; 5 boards, 3d.; 2 wr[a]ppers, 1s.; and 200 pieces of wood called veneers, 3s.; the goods of John Norman, his master.
JOHN NORMAN. I searched the prisonerâs premises last Monday fortnight, and found a window-blind, some account-books, a gallipot [i.e. glue pot], harp-strings, table-cover, a wooden board, some wrappers, pieces of veneer, and solid woodâI can speak to some from their general resemblance, and I can positively swear to [being the owner of] the account-booksâI had lost one [window] blind from Judd-street [in St Pancras, about 3km west-north-west of Normanâs Castle Court premises], and one out of my cellar in Cloak-lane [Cloak-lane is immediately south of Cannon Street, to which Norman had followed Groom]âI believe the blind produced is mine, and the wood at the bottom of it is the wood that was on the blind in my cellar, but the canvas belongs to the one stolen from Judd-streetâto have done that [i.e. to have combined parts from two blinds] he must have taken bothâI missed a box, containing 120 or 140 harp-stringsâthe prisoner had access to itâI asked him if he had seen itâhe said noâsome time after I inquired about it, and he said he should not wonder if we lost all the things in the house, if we kept that [servant] girl Elizabeth in the houseâI spoke to the girl; her boxes were searched, but nothing foundâa week or two after we lost two or three napkins from up stairs, and discharged herâthis table-cover [the one listed in the indictment] was in my care, and was lost from a sale [one of Normanâs auctions] at Tottenham-court-roadâI had an allowance to make for it [presumably by way of compensation to the vendor]âthe prisoner told me he was sorry to say he had taken it from thereâhere are a quantity of pieces of mahogany and veneerâthis is a parcel of mazephyr, or unrated wood [zephyr wood, a class of imported hardwood, listed in London Dock Company reports alongside ebony]âit was not in the tariff, and escaped the duty [normally payable on other imported materials] at the docksâI am not aware of any parcel of this wood imported into this country, except what I hadâI never sold any of it [for use by others], only as [used in Normanâs own] manufactured [items]âI missed veneers from time to timeâI have upwards of a hundred pieces of this [unrated] wood, some of it very smallâI have every reason to believe all these articles are mineâthe account-books were warehoused with me by Parrington and Co.âthey were in a large cupboard, which he [the defendant] had access to at timesâI found some of the veneers and mahogany in a box under the prisonerâs counterâhe has a small shop in Dog-row, Bethnal-green [Dog Row, Bethnal Green, is now part of Cambridge Heath Road]âI know some of this wood as well as I should know the features of a personâhere is a box made out of them, a zephyr woodâit has only been polished with waxâthis is the wood I first missed, and discharged a man [other than the defendant] forâit is valuable, and is called snake woodâI lost eleven veneers of it, and it was said my foreman had stolen it.
Cross-examined. Q. What articles do you positively swear to?
A. These three account-booksâI have another, which I can swear to the writing on, but have no memorandum of the number of it, being in my possession at the timeâI have sold about two cwt. [the British Imperial hundredweight (112 pounds), also known as a âlong hundredweightâ, is equivalent to 50.8kg] of books, by private contract, to one Joel, but neither of these four, I am certainâthe last sale to him was about two years agoâthese ledgers are never parted withâI had a man named Bruce [Peter Bruce, a witness in the trial] in my employâI swear the veneers on this box are mine, but not the [wood used] inside nor the [decorative] bandingâI swear to the [wood used to make the] sides, and believe the two ends are mineâhere are a number of pieces of wood I can swear toâI missed veneers of snake[wood], and think I may venture to swear to theseâthe bark is the same width as a piece I have brought [showing that the stolen veneer was cut from the same log or board]âthe top of the box is mazephy[r], but it is in three pieces fitted inâit is uncommon woodâthe prisoner did not say the table cover was the refuse of a saleâhe mightâI allowed 2s. for itâthe sunblind is worth 5s. or 7s.âI missed part of the blind the day the prisoner leftâI discharged him for that, but did not tell him why, I only said he had been doing what was very wrongâI found it in the passage of his house.
HENRY MONTAGUE (policeman.) I took the prisoner in charge.
Witnesses for the Defence.
WILLIAM REEVE. I am a carpenter. The prisoner was apprenticed to me, and worked for me afterwardsâhe left me thirteen months last Aprilâwhile with me he had two pieces of wood similar to the two long sides of this box [Norman, above, swears that the sides were his]âit was pieces of wood my son bought in Londonâhe brought a great lot homeâhe is now in America, and I gave the prisoner what was left, as I should not use itâif I must say, I believe this to be the same; it is much like itâhe made it into a little work-box like thisâit is more than two years ago, and I should think this box has been made that time.
COURT. Q. You only speak to the sides?
A. Only to the sidesâI do not know the name of the wood at the ends, but there was some in the bundle I gave him similar to it, and like some that is down here; I mean this (the snake wood)âthere was some of almost all sorts of fancy woodâthere was some like this; I do not know what you call itâI have not seen the prisoner since he left meâboth my sons are in America, and have been there three years and a halfâthey had the wood a little while before they leftâI never made fancy boxes myselfâthere was not so much wood as is hereâthe prisonerâs father works for me nowâwe are not relatedâI cannot swear to any one of these pieces, it is so long backâI did not examine them closely, or work any upâI cannot swear there was a single piece of this mazephyr wood in England three years agoâmy sight is not goodâI cannot see this wood wellânot having spectacles, I thought it was mahogany (the mazephyr.)
PETER BRUCE. I have been employed by the prosecutorâI was there at the same time as the prisoner, off and on, and attended sales which Mr. Norman hadâafter every lot is cleared we sweep up the premises, and if there is a bit of wood or old phial we reckon it our perquisite [a benefit conventionally enjoyed on account of oneâs employed position], and master never said a word against itâI saw a sun-blind at the sale in Judd-streetâthe prisoner had thatâhe had worked at the sale as head porterâhe asked if I would take the blind home for himâhe made no secret of itâI remember a quantity of books being sold to Joel eight or nine months agoâI heard the prisoner tell Joel he should like to have a book or two, and Joel handed over to him four or five books of this description as near as possibleâthis is one of them; I know by the writing inside, belonging to Mr. Parrington, it is the very book that Joel gave the prisonerâI do not think there was a dozen with this sort of coverâI have not the least doubt in the world of itâas to the others, there was a green-covered book, and one or two white-coveredâthey were similar to theseâI firmly believe they are the sameâI have heard Mr. Norman say, in reference to sales, if there was any pieces of wood, old iron, rags, bones, &c., the men might sell it, and get a pot or two of beer; if it would raise a drop of beer we might have itâit is what is called the clearance [this contradicts Norman, above]âwe had a sale at a large linen-draperâs in Tottenham-court-roadâMr. Norman gave a man named Lillycrop, who is now dead, leave to take about two cwt. of ragsâI firmly believe it was done with Mr. Normanâs leaveâI did not hear him give leave.
COURT. Q. Then, the sun-blind you took off the premises?
A. No; I said I would not, as I had to go to the StrandâI do not know whether it was sound; I did not see it openâI did not know how he came by itâJoel [the alleges donor of the disputed book] lives in Petticoat-lane [then, as now, a marketplace, comprising Wentworth Street and Middlesex Street, nearly 1km east of Castle Court]âI saw him last week, but did not mention this to himâI speak to the book by the form of the writing on the top leafâI merely know the writing and the outside covers.
HENRY BRUNSAY. I live next door to the prisoner [presumably in Dog Row, Cambridge Road]âI have seen this sun-blind at his houseâI first saw it within two or three monthsâI was in the habit of assisting his wife to put it up outside his shop window.
COURT. Q. Where does the prisoner live?
A. In Cambridge-road [now Cambridge Heath Road], a mile and a half from the prosecutorâsâit was oldâI cannot say it was not a serviceable one; it answered the purpose.
MR. NORMAN re-examined. The whole of the original writing in this book which the witness has looked at, has been cut out, and the writing which he swears to knowing as Parringtonâs is the prisonerâs wifeâs writing, and was not in it when I lost itâit was a perfect book, and never sold.
GUILTY. Aged 31.â Confined One Year.
Source
Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 8.0, 23 February 2019),
September 1843, trial of WILLIAM GROOM (t18430918-2017).
https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t18430918-2017&div=t18430918-2017&terms=Harp#highlight
September 1843, trial of WILLIAM GROOM (t18430918-2618).
https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t18430918-2618&div=t18430918-2618&terms=Harp#highlight